The role of developmental instability (DI), as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), in
evolutionary biology has been the focus of a wealth of research for more than half a century …

Risk assessment of metal-contaminated habitats based on responses in the field is
complicated by the evolution of local, metal-resistant ecotypes. The unpredictability of …

Random and subtle deviations from bilateral symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry) have long
been of interest to biologists who wish to study the susceptibility of organisms to changes in …

Fluctuating asymmetry, the random deviation from perfect symmetry, is a widely used
population-level index of developmental instability, developmental noise, and robustness. It …

The increase in human activities that leads to wildlife decline and species extinction poses
an urgent need for simple indicators of environmental stress in animal populations. Several …

We aimed at evaluating the effect of low-level air pollution on leaf area fluctuating
asymmetry (FAA) and specific leaf area (SLA) of Salix alba L., taking into account other …

In insects, the fluctuating asymmetry of bilaterally symmetrical traits has been suggested as
an indicator of environmental stress because asymmetry is expected to increase when …

Although developmental instability, measured as fluctuating asymmetry (FA), is expected to
be positively related to stress and negatively to fitness, empirical evidence is often lacking or …

Human industries generate hundreds of thousands of chemicals, many of which have not
been adequately studied for environmental safety or effects on human health. This deficit of …

Chemical and biological monitoring of pollution in the aquatic environment is essential to
assess the quality of surface waters. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have been …