A critical review was conducted to determine the influence background knowledge has on
the reading comprehension of primary school-aged children. We identified twenty-three …

Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates
development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and …

Starting around 6 to 9 months of age, children begin acquiring their first words, linking
spoken words to their visual counterparts. How much of this knowledge is learnable from …

Children's early language exposure impacts their later linguistic skills, cognitive abilities,
and academic achievement, and large disparities in language exposure are associated with …

Rapid progress in machine learning for natural language processing has the potential to
transform debates about how humans learn language. However, the learning environments …

Several deep neural networks have recently been shown to generate activations similar to
those of the brain in response to the same input. These algorithms, however, remain largely …

To what degree can language be acquired from linguistic input alone? This question has
vexed scholars for millennia and is still a major focus of debate in the cognitive science of …

OBJECTIVES: Quantity of talk and interaction in the home during early childhood is
correlated with socioeconomic status (SES) and can be used to predict early language and …

Neuroscience research has elucidated broad relationships between socioeconomic status
(SES) and young children's brain structure, but there is little mechanistic knowledge about …

Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary
as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged …