The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism.
In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of …

Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment–protein complex
responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently …

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is widely used in
various plant species to downregulate the expression of a target plant gene. TRV is a …

The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co‐ordinating plant defence responses
and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis …

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an efficient tool for gene function studies. It has been
used to perform both forward and reverse genetics to identify plant genes involved in several …

In contrast to gene-for-gene disease resistance, nonhost resistance governs defense
responses to a broad range of potential pathogen species. To identify specific genes …

Plant pathogens deploy an array of virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote
pathogenicity. Numerous strains of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin …

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced by pathogens and confers protection against
a broad range of pathogens. Several SAR signals have been characterized, but the nature …

Photosystem II is a unique complex capable of absorbing light and splitting water. The
complex has been thoroughly studied and to date there are more than 40 proteins identified …

The growth–defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the
allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by …