Biomarker discovery and validation are necessary for improving the prediction of clinical
outcomes and patient monitoring. Despite considerable interest in biomarker discovery and …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a subset of individuals upon exposure to
traumatic stress. In addition to well-defined psychological and behavioral symptoms, some …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Major depression and anxiety disorders have high prevalence rates and are frequently
comorbid. The neurobiological bases for these disorders are not fully understood, and …

Background—Inflammatory and immune responses triggered by brain ischemia worsen
clinical outcomes of stroke and contribute to hemorrhagic transformation, massive edema …

The immunomodulatory drug fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya R) was approved for oral
treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, due to its impressive efficacy and good …

Nearly two decades have passed since it was first proposed that regulation of the
interconvertible sphingolipid metabolites, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) …

Inflammation is part of our body's response to tissue injury and pathogens. It helps to recruit
various immune cells to the site of inflammation and activates the production of mediators to …

The potent pleiotropic lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) participates in
numerous cellular processes, including angiogenesis and cell survival, proliferation, and …

Psychiatric disorders like mood disorders, schizophrenia, or drug addiction affect a sizeable
proportion of the human population and severely compromise quality of life. Therefore …