Background: The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and is divided into
four segments. The aim of this study is to investigate the anatomical variations in the course …

Several congenital anomalies regarding the right (RVA) and left (LVA) vertebral artery have
been described. The current paper aims to perform a systematic literature review of the …

(1) Background. The anatomical variations of the vertebral arteries (VAs) have a significant
impact both in neurosurgery and forensic pathology. The purpose of this study was to …

The aim of this study was to show the incidence of vertebral artery of aortic arch origin, its
level of entry into transverse foramen, including extra-and intracranial morphometry, and …

Background The arcuate foramen is an anatomic variant that is thought to arise from
ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Owing to potential entrapment of the …

Background Many anatomical variations of the branching pattern of the aortic arch have
been documented in the literature. These find their origin in alterations to the embryological …

The vertebral arteries arise from the posterior superior aspect of the bilateral subclavian
arteries and course superiorly through the transverse foramina of C1-C6 vertebrae before …

Study Design: Anatomical cadaver study. Objectives: Postoperative dysphagia is a
significant complication following anterior approaches to the cervical spine and the etiology …

Objective Since the extreme lateral lumbar interbody fusion procedure was first reported by
Ozgur in 2006, a large number of clinical studies have been published. Anatomical studies …

Background The vertebral artery (VA) forms the caudal part of the circle of Willis and is
responsible for one-third of the blood supply of the cerebellum, pons, middle ear, and the …