Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy
expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a …

The suitability of an inexpensive tri-axial accelerometer for the automated recording of goats'
activities at pasture was tested on a slightly undulating pasture in Central Germany (52h of …

An important element in the measurement of energy budgets of free-living animals is the
estimation of energy costs during locomotion. Using humans as a particularly tractable …

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) prefer to live on Arctic sea ice but may swim between ice floes
or between sea ice and land. Although anecdotal observations suggest that polar bears are …

Biological rhythms are a result of interplay between endogenous clocks and the ambient
light–dark (LD) cycle. Biological timing in resident polar organisms presents a conundrum …

Quantification of activity budgets is pivotal for understanding how animals respond to
changes in their environment. Social grooming is a key activity that underpins various social …

Arctic Cervids face considerable challenges in sustaining life in a harsh and highly seasonal
environment, and when to forage is a key component of the survival strategy. We predict that …

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) summer on the sea ice or, where it melts, on shore. Although
the physiology of “ice” bears in summer is unknown,“shore” bears purportedly minimize …

Predicting whether behaviour could buffer the effects of climate change on long-lived
mammals requires a better understanding of the long-term behavioural responses of …

Among primates, the suborder Haplorhini is considered to have evolved a consolidated
monophasic sleep pattern, with diurnal species requiring a shorter sleep duration than …