What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent
years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response …

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is an important transcription factor which
regulates the expression of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) following virus …

In mammals, type I IFNs (mainly IFN-α/β) are primarily regulated by transcription factors of
the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family. Fish IFNs do not show a one-to-one orthologous …

Viral infections are detected in most cases by the host innate immune system through
pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), the sensors for pathogen-associated molecular …

Like mammals, fish possess an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3/IRF7-dependent type I
IFN responses, but the exact mechanism by which IRF3/IRF7 regulate the type I IFNs …

During the past decade, huge progress has been made in research into teleost PAMPs
(pathogen-associated molecule patterns) recognition receptors (PRRs). Numerous fish PRR …

Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that is highly infectious in a wide variety of marine and
freshwater fish, including Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a flatfish that is farmed …

Teleost fish are unique in having type I and type II interferons (IFNs) only, and the type I IFNs
are classified into Group one and Group two based on the presence of two or four cysteines …