Tobacco smoking results in more than five million deaths each year and accounts for∼ 90%
of all deaths from lung cancer. Nicotine, the major reinforcing component of tobacco smoke …

Cytisine, a natural bioactive compound that is mainly isolated from plants of the
Leguminosae family (especially the seeds of Laburnum anagyroides), has been marketed in …

Motivated behavior is influenced by neural networks that integrate physiological needs.
Here, we describe coordinated regulation of hypothalamic feeding and midbrain reward …

The balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling is important for maintaining
homeostatic function in the brain. Indeed, dysregulation of inhibitory GABA interneurons in …

Adaptive thermogenesis is essential for survival, and therefore is tightly regulated by a
central neural circuit. Here, we show that microRNA (miR)-33 in the brain is indispensable …

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions and is associated with severe comorbidities,
such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancer …

Despite health risks associated with smoking, up to 20% of the US population persist in this
behavior; many smoke to control body weight or appetite, and fear of post-cessation weight …

Nicotine, a neuroactive substance in tobacco products, has been widely studied for its
effects on feeding and body weight, mostly focusing on the involvement of nervous system …

In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons control fertility
by regulating gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary. While it is known that acetylcholine …

Nicotine use produces psychoactive effects, and chronic use is associated with
physiological and psychological symptoms of addiction. However, chronic nicotine use is …