Abstract Interleukin (IL)‐1β is a key innate cytokine that is essential for immune activation
and promoting the inflammatory process. However, abnormal elevation in IL‐1β levels has …

IL-15, a proinflammatory cytokine critical for the generation, maintenance, and homeostasis
of T cell responses, is produced naturally in response to HIV/SIV infection, but has also …

Development of accurate disease models and discovery of immune-modulating drugs is
challenged by the immune system's highly interconnected and context-dependent nature …

In the past half century, humanity has experienced two devastating pandemics; the HIV-1
pandemic and the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Both emerged as zoonotic …

Despite four decades of research into the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), a
successful strategy to eradicate the virus post-infection is lacking. The major reason for this …

The theory of immune regulation involves a homeostatic balance between T-helper 1 (Th1)
and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses. The Th1 and Th2 theories were introduced in 1986 as a …

HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESIs) are a small fraction of persons who are
multiply exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but do not exhibit serological or …

Drug abuse is a common comorbidity in people infected with HIV. HIV-infected individuals
who abuse drugs are a key population who frequently experience suboptimal outcomes …

Nowadays, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the standard treatment for all people
with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Although cART is effective in treating …

The productive infection of HIV, which generates new viral progeny, depends on the
activation status of the cell. In this study, we found cocaine exposure sensitizes partially …