The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine
system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
presence of two main hallmarks–Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits …

Neuroinflammation underlies the etiology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases and
stroke. Our understanding of neuroinflammation has evolved in the last few years and major …

Background The involvement of microglia in neuroinflammatory responses has been
extensively demonstrated. Recent animal studies have shown that exposure to either acute …

Anxiety is more common in patients with hypertension, and these two conditions frequently
coexist. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on determining etiology in patients with …

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that influences the social, economic, and
psychological aspects of patients' lives. Hence, the need for better treatment is drawing …

Sphingosine receptors (S1PRs) are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative
diseases and metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The link between …

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders worldwide, affecting 1.13
billion people, or 14% of the global population. Hypertension is the single biggest risk factor …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a major health issue for more than one century since it
was first reported in 1906. As one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, AD is …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading contagious infectious disease
caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) …