Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase play an important role in
antimicrobial host defense and inflammation. Their deficiency in humans results in recurrent …

Melatonin has been speculated to be mainly synthesized by mitochondria. This speculation
is supported by the recent discovery that aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase/serotonin N …

Physical laws—such as the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics—
codify the general behavior of varied macroscopic natural systems across space and time …

The view that sleep is essential for survival is supported by the ubiquity of this behavior, the
apparent existence of sleep-like states in the earliest animals, and the fact that severe sleep …

The first life forms evolved in a highly reducing environment. This reduced state is still
carried by cells today, which makes the concept of “reductive stress” somewhat redundant …

Intermittent (every other day) microaerobic [picomolar oxygen by oxidation-reduction
potential (ORP) set at+ 25 mV above anaerobic baseline] digestion of lignocellulosic …

The discovery of Asgard archaea, phylogenetically closer to eukaryotes than other archaea,
together with improved knowledge of microbial ecology, impose new constraints on …

The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis is a pivotal event in Earth's history because the O2
released fundamentally changed the planet's redox state and facilitated the emergence of …

Ancient microbes invented biochemical mechanisms and assembled core metabolic
pathways on an anoxic Earth. Molecular oxygen appeared far later, forcing microbes to …

The rise of oxygen ca. 2.3 billion years ago (Ga) is the most distinct environmental transition
in Earth history. This event was enabled by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in the …