The Advanced Trauma Life Support®(ATLS®) course was developed in 1978 by the
American College of Surgeons, and its accompanying textbook, Advanced Trauma Life …

Complex pelvic injuries are among the most dangerous and deadly trauma related lesions.
Different classification systems exist, some are based on the mechanism of injury, some on …

Background Severe traumatic injury continues to present challenges to healthcare systems
around the world, and post-traumatic bleeding remains a leading cause of potentially …

Background Severe trauma continues to represent a global public health issue and mortality
and morbidity in trauma patients remains substantial. A number of initiatives have aimed to …

Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are
classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however …

Background A severe mismatch between the supply and demand of oxygen is the common
feature of all types of shock. We present a newly developed, clinically oriented classification …

Background Severe trauma represents a major global public health burden and the
management of post-traumatic bleeding continues to challenge healthcare systems around …

Introduction Isolated vital signs (for example, heart rate or systolic blood pressure) have
been shown unreliable in the assessment of hypovolemic shock. In contrast, the Shock …

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) management is based on a timely, rapid, definitive source control
of bleeding/s and on blood loss replacement. Stopping the hemorrhage from progressing …

BACKGROUND In the severely injured who survive the early posttraumatic phase, multiple-
organ failure (MOF) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality. An enhanced prediction of …