Far‐red and near‐infrared (NIR) genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators (GECIs)
are powerful tools for in vivo and multiplexed imaging of neural activity and cell signaling …

Abstract cAMP is a universal second messenger regulated by various upstream pathways
including Ca2+ and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To decipher in vivo cAMP …

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of
multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, when performing any …

Neural activity is heterogeneous across different cortical areas and can change during
learning. Here, we describe a protocol for longitudinal in vivo two-photon calcium imaging …

Ionic driving forces provide the net electromotive force for ion movement across receptors,
channels, and transporters, and are a fundamental property of all cells. In the nervous …

A wide selection of behavioral assays in systems neuroscience relies on head-fixation
protocols to integrate in vivo multi-photon imaging approaches. For this, simultaneous …

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse's neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide
neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can …

The neural mechanisms responsible for the reduction of consciousness during sleep remain
elusive. Previous studies investigating macro/mesoscale neural data have suggested that …

Neuroscience incorporates manipulating neuronal circuitry to enhance the understanding of
intricate brain functions. An effective strategy to attain this objective entails utilizing viral …

It is well-recognized that primary cilia regulate embryonic neurodevelopment, but little is
known about their roles in postnatal neurodevelopment. The striatum pyramidal (SP) of …