Behavioral ecologists have long studied the role of coloration as a defense against natural
enemies. Recent reviews of defensive coloration have emphasized that these visual signals …

The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary
biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs—which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Birds exhibit remarkable variation in plumage patterns, both within individual feathers and
among plumage patches. Differences in the size, shape, and location of pigments and …

Bees discriminate between many different colours of flower petals, but it is not well
understood how they perceive and learn patterns frequently found in flowers with colourful …

Color change serves many antipredator functions and may allow animals to better match
environments or disrupt outlines to prevent detection. Rapid color change could potentially …

Signals reliably convey information to a receiver. To be reliable, differences between
individuals in signal properties must be consistent and easily perceived and evaluated by …

Detecting and classifying animal species is the first step in determining their long-term
viability and the influence we may be having on them. Second, it aids people in recognizing …

Visual complexity is ubiquitous in nature. Drivers of complexity include selection in
coevolutionary arms races between antagonists. However, the causes and consequences of …

Animal coloration serves many biological functions and must therefore balance potentially
competing selective pressures. For example, many animals have camouflage in which …