Optical microscopy has become an indispensable tool for visualizing sub-cellular structures
and biological processes. However, scattering in biological tissues is a major obstacle that …

Low-resolution background in stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy can arise
from incomplete depletion or re-excitation by the STED beam. We have recently introduced …

Two‐photon microscopy (2PM) is one of the most widely used tools for in vivo deep tissue
imaging. However, the spatial resolution and penetration depth are still limited due to the …

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which is widely utilized in the biological and
biomedical sciences, is limited in spatial resolution due to diffraction to about half the light …

Visualization of organelles and molecules at nanometer resolution is revolutionizing the
biological sciences. However, such technology is still limited for many cell biologists. We …

Based on diffraction theory, this paper theoretically demonstrates improvements in axial
resolution in confocal microscopy with fan-shaped apertures. It provides the optimal …

The image formation of two-photon focal modulation microscopy (2PFMM) in turbid media is
theoretically investigated. The results show that compared with conventional two-photon …

Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared optical window (NIR‐II, 900‐1700 nm)
has become a technique of choice for noninvasive in vivo imaging in recent years. Greater …

Image formation in focal modulation microscopy using quadrant apertures (QFMM) is
presented. The spatial resolution is discussed: compared with confocal microscopy, QFMM …

High spatial resolution with deep imaging penetration depth is the main advantage of focal
modulation microscopy (FMM). This paper investigates effects of polarization on FMM in a …