We review the characteristics of osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix synthesis. Bone in
air breathing vertebrates is a specialized tissue that developmentally replaces simpler solid …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β
family (TGFβ), which signal through hetero-tetrameric complexes of type I and type II …

Embryonic gene expression intricately reflects anatomical context, developmental stage,
and cell type. To address whether the precise spatial origins of cardiac cells can be deduced …

The mechanistic underpinnings of metastatic dormancy and reactivation are poorly
understood. A gain-of-function cDNA screen reveals that Coco, a secreted antagonist of TGF …

TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate
embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal …

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway comprises multiple ligands and
receptors that interact promiscuously with one another and typically appear in combinations …

The mammalian foregut gives rise to the dorsally located esophagus and stomach and the
ventrally located trachea and lung. Proper patterning and morphogenesis of the common …

Cell-cell communication systems typically comprise families of ligand and receptor variants
that function together in combinations. Pathway activation depends on the complex way in …

In multicellular organisms, secreted ligands selectively activate, or" address," specific target
cell populations to control cell fate decision-making and other processes. Key cell-cell …

ABSTRACT A handful of core intercellular signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a broad
variety of developmental processes. It has remained puzzling how so few pathways can …