Toxigenic clostridia belonging to 13 recognized species are discussed in this review. Each
species or group of organisms is, in general, introduced by presenting the historical aspects …

Crystalline botulinum toxin type A was licensed in December 1989 by the Food and Drug
Administration for treatment of certain spasmodic muscle disorders following 10 or more …

The clostridial neurotoxins responsible for tetanus and botulism are metallo‐proteases that
enter nerve cells and block neurotransmitter release via zinc‐dependent cleavage of protein …

TETANUS toxin inhibits neurotransmitter release by selectively blocking fusion of synaptic
vesicles1, 2. Recently tetanus toxin was shown to proteolytically degrade synaptobrevin II …

Tetanus disease is one of the most dramatic and globally prevalent diseases of humans and
vertebrate animals, and has been reported for over 24 centuries. The manifestation of the …

Tetanus toxin is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from
presynaptic nerve endings. The mature toxin is composed of a heavy and a light chain that …

Comparison of the anthrax toxin lethal factor (LF) amino acid sequence with sequences in
the Swiss protein database revealed short regions of similarity with the consensus zinc …

The available amino acid sequences of 150-kDa botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins show
the presence of a closely homologous segment in the middle of the light chain (NH2 …

The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are the most potent acute toxins known
and are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic disease botulism. The toxins act primarily …

The seven serologically different botulinum neurotoxins are highly potent protein toxins that
inhibit neurotransmitter release from peripheral cholinergic synapses. The activated toxins …