Propolis is a complex phytocompound made from resinous and balsamic material harvested
by bees from flowers, branches, pollen, and tree exudates. Humans have used propolis …

The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

For over 100 years, endosymbiotic theories have figured in thoughts about the differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. More than 20 different versions of endosymbiotic …

Understanding the evolution of eukaryotic cellular complexity is one of the grand challenges
of modern biology. It has now been firmly established that mitochondria and plastids, the …

Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance
of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in …

Background The quality of multiple sequence alignments plays an important role in the
accuracy of phylogenetic inference. It has been shown that removing ambiguously aligned …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

This new edition of the universally acclaimed and widely-used textbook on fungal biology
has been completely re-written, drawing directly on the authors' research and teaching …

The acquisitions of mitochondria and plastids were important events in the evolution of the
eukaryotic cell, supplying it with compartmentalized bioenergetic and biosynthetic factories …

Throughout the natural world, organisms have responded to predators, inadequate
resources, or inclement conditions by forming ongoing mutually beneficial partnerships--or …