The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a powerful mathematical tool that has become
increasingly important in developing Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Homomorphic …

This paper demonstrates an architecture for accelerating the polynomial multiplication using
number theoretic transform (NTT). Kyber is one of the finalists in the third round of the NIST …

Large scale quantum computers will break classical public-key cryptography protocols by
quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm. Hence, designing quantum-safe …

Number-theoretic transform (NTT) is an efficient polynomial multiplication technique of lattice-
based post-quantum cryptography including Kyber which is standardized as the NIST key …

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) allows performing specific algebraic computations on
encrypted data without the need for decryption. For this reason, HE is emerging as a strong …

This paper proposes two architectures for the acceleration of Number Theoretic Transforms
(NTTs) using a novel Montgomery-based butterfly. We first design a custom NTT hardware …

Key exchange protocols and key encapsulation mechanisms establish secret keys to
communicate digital information confidentially over public channels. Lattice-based …

In this paper, we introduce a configurable hardware architecture that can be used to
generate unified and parametric NTT-based polynomial multipliers that support a wide …

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is currently seen to be a promising solution for privacy-
preserving applications. However, FHE suffers from a computational bottleneck due to the …

In lattice-based postquantum cryptography (PQC), polynomial multiplication is complex and
time-consuming, which affects the overall computational efficiency. In addition, the …