Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

Emerging awareness of climate-related financial risk has prompted efforts to integrate
knowledge of climate change risks into financial decision-making and disclosures …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Prudent risk management requires consideration of bad-to-worst-case scenarios. Yet, for
climate change, such potential futures are poorly understood. Could anthropogenic climate …

Rapidly decarbonizing the global energy system is critical for addressing climate change,
but concerns about costs have been a barrier to implementation. Most energy-economy …

Current policies and actions make it very likely, at least temporarily, to overshoot the Paris
climate targets of 1.5–< 2.0° C above pre-industrial levels. If this global warming range is …

Given the increasing interest in keeping global warming below 1.5° C, a key question is
what this would mean for China's emission pathway, energy restructuring, and …

We are part of Nature, not separate from it. We rely on Nature to provide us with food, water
and shelter; regulate our climate and disease; maintain nutrient cycles and oxygen …

A major concern for the world's ecosystems is the possibility of collapse, where landscapes
and the societies they support change abruptly. Accelerating stress levels, increasing …

Chapter 3 takes a long-term perspective on climate change mitigation pathways. Its focus is
on the implications of long-term targets for the required short-and medium-term system …