This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5.
These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can …

Food additives and colorants are extensively used in the food industry to improve food
quality and safety during processing, storage and packing. Sourcing of these molecules is …

Riboswitches are commonly used by bacteria to detect a variety of metabolites and ions to
regulate gene expression. To date, nearly 40 different classes of riboswitches have been …

Chloroflexi members are ubiquitous and have been extensively studied; however, the
evolution and metabolic pathways of Chloroflexi members have long been debated. In the …

Acetogenic bacteria use cellular redox energy to convert CO2 to acetate using the Wood–
Ljungdahl (WL) pathway. Such redox energy can be derived from electrons generated from …

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in
key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide …

Riboflavin (vitamin B 2) production has shifted from chemical synthesis to exclusive
biotechnological synthesis in less than 15 years. The underlying extraordinary achievement …

The uptake of nutrients, including metals, amino acids and peptides are required for many
biological processes. Pathogenic bacteria scavenge these essential nutrients from …

Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell receptors (TCRs) recognize bacterial
riboflavin pathway metabolites through the MHC class 1-related molecule MR1. However, it …

Riboflavin derivatives are essential cofactors for a myriad of flavoproteins. In bacteria, flavins
importance extends beyond their role as intracellular protein cofactors, as secreted flavins …