Access to safe excreta disposal is a basic human right and an essential element of human
development. Developing countries (like India) have constructed millions of toilets with on …

Human enteric viruses, such as norovirus and hepatitis A virus, are spread by a variety of
routes including faecal-oral transmission. Contaminated bivalve shellfish are regularly …

Oysters (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia, order Pterioida) are globally distributed shellfish
and are an important marine biological resource that is available to humans. Oysters have …

Background Viruses play critical roles in the marine environment because of their
interactions with an extremely broad range of potential hosts. Many studies of viruses in …

Monitoring pathogenic enteric viruses in continental and marine water bodies is essential to
control the viral contamination of human populations. Human Noroviruses (NoV) are the …

Aquatic pollution with faecal bacteria and subsequent consumption of contaminated water or
food is a worldwide issue that causes severe health effects (eg meningitis, salmonellosis …

As filter-feeding bivalves, mussels have been traditionally studied as possible vectors of
different bacterial or viral pathogens. The absence of a known viral pathogen in these …

Viral metagenomics (viromics) can provide a great contribution in expanding the knowledge
of viruses and the relationship with their hosts. Viromic studies on marine organisms are still …

Oysters that filter feed can accumulate numerous pathogens, including viruses, which can
serve as a valuable viral repository. As oyster farming becomes more prevalent, concerns …

Background As a globally farmed oyster species, Magallana gigas has garnered significant
attention due to the contaminated RNA viruses that have caused illness in humans …