Sound location in azimuth is signaled by differences in the times of arrival (interaural time
difference, ITDs) and the amplitudes (interaural level differences, ILDs) of the stimuli at the …

▪ Abstract Behavioral, anatomical, and physiological approaches can be integrated in the
study of sound localization in barn owls. Space representation in owls provides a useful …

Understanding how populations of neurons encode information is the challenge faced by
researchers in the field of neural coding. Focusing on the many mysteries and marvels of the …

Acoustic information is brought to the brain by auditory nerve fibers, all of which terminate in
the cochlear nuclei, and is passed up the auditory pathway through the principal cells of the …

Spatial hearing, and more specifically the ability to localize sounds in space, is one of the
most studied and best understood aspects of hearing. Because there is no coding of …

Neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, which transmit auditory information
that is used to compute the location of sounds in space, are capable of firing at high …

Insect hearing has independently evolved multiple times in the context of intraspecific
communication and predator detection by transforming proprioceptive organs into ears …

The brainstem's lateral superior olive (LSO) is thought to be crucial for localizing high-
frequency sounds by coding interaural sound level differences (ILD). Its neurons weigh …

The calyx of Held is the preeminent model for the study of synaptic function in the
mammalian CNS. Despite much work on the synapse and associated circuit, its role in …

Many mammals, including humans, are exquisitely sensitive to tiny time differences between
sounds at the two ears. These interaural time differences are an important source of …