The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian
hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989–1995 …

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a condition characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of
adrenal cortisol production. Primary AI (PAI) is rare and is caused by direct adrenal failure …

Psychosocial stress is an important precursor of disease and reduced quality of life in
humans. The biological pathways between stress exposure and pathophysiological …

Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose
homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand …

To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood,
adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for …

In humans, the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands follows a diurnal cycle with a
profound increase after awakening. This increase after awakening, a phenomenon termed …

More than 90% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, the inherited inability to
synthesize cortisol) are caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Females with severe, classic …

In most healthy people morning awakening is associated with a burst of cortisol secretion:
the cortisol awakening response (CAR). It is argued that the CAR is subject to a range …

Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally
begins in early childhood. It results from changes in the secretory response to …