In order to understand relationships between living and fossil groups of spinicaudatan clam
shrimp, it is important to review historical and contemporary attempts at evaluating the …

Spinicaudata (spiny clam shrimp) is a taxon of Branchiopoda occurring since the Devonian
and today it occurs nearly globally in temporary water bodies. We present the most species …

Clam shrimp (the paraphyletic assemblage of spinicaudatans, laevicaudatans, cyclestherids
and the extinct leaiins) are small, bivalved branchiopod crustaceans that specialize in …

A sexual system is the pattern of gender allocation that characterizes a species. In both
plants and animals, simultaneous hermaphroditism and dioecy are the most common and …

Dating back to the early Cambrian period, crustaceans had ample time to undertake endless
experimentation with form and function. Today, no other group of plants or animals on the …

Trioecy, the co-occurrence of males, females and hermaphrodites in natural populations, is
a relatively common sexual system in plants, but is rare and poorly understood in animals …

Interactions between the sexes influence evolution at many scales, but not all animal
species conform to the familiar male-female (dioecious) mating system; such taxa are …

Bacterial endosymbionts of aquatic invertebrates remain poorly studied. This is at least
partly due to a lack of suitable techniques and primers for their identification. We designed a …

This chapter compares two sexual systems: hermaphroditism (each individual can produce
gametes of either sex) and gonochorism (each individual produces gametes of only one of …

It is still a challenge to reconstruct the deep phylogenetic relationships within
spinicaudatans, and there are several different competing hypotheses regarding the …