Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

Although the manifestation of trauma in the body is a phenomenon well-endorsed by
clinicians and traumatized individuals, the neurobiological underpinnings of this …

Aim This study examines the relative influence of personal resilience, social support and
organisational support in reducing COVID‐19 anxiety in front‐line nurses. Background …

Mental health concerns of people impacted by the coronavirus pandemic have not been
adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the …

Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically
activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in …

Here we present a theory of human trauma and chronic stress, based on the practice of
Somatic Experiencing®(SE), a form of trauma therapy that emphasizes guiding the client's …

Childhood exposure to victimization is prevalent and has been shown to contribute to
significant immediate and long‐term psychological distress and functional impairment …

The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been
explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a …

This insightful guide provides a pragmatic roadmap for treating adult survivors of complex
psychological trauma. Christine Courtois and Julian Ford present their effective, research …

We postulate that the cascade “Freeze-Flight-Fight-Fright-Flag-Faint” is a coherent
sequence of six fear responses that escalate as a function of defense possibilities and …