Photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII) is essential to avoid the light-induced damage of the
photosynthetic apparatus due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (= photo-oxidative …

In their natural environment plants and algae are exposed to rapidly changing light
conditions and light intensities. Illumination with high light intensities has the potential to …

The xanthophyll cycle represents one of the important photoprotection mechanisms in plant
cells. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the violaxanthin cycle of …

Iron is essential for all life, but it is particularly important to photoautotrophs because of the
many iron-dependent electron transport components in photosynthetic membranes. Since …

Xanthophyll cycle‐related nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), which is present in most
photoautotrophs, allows dissipation of excess light energy. Xanthophyll cycle‐related NPQ …

The xanthophyll cycles of higher plants and algae represent an important photoprotection
mechanism. Two main xanthophyll cycles are known, the violaxanthin cycle of higher plants …

Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh is a canopy‐forming species that occupies the entire
water column. The photosynthetic tissue of this alga is exposed to a broad range of …

Thermal dissipation of excitation energy is a fundamental photoprotection mechanism in
plants. Thermal energy dissipation is frequently estimated using the quenching of the …

Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae, Heterokontophytes) are essential aquatic eukaryotes. Their role
in the structure and ecology of most of the aquatic ecosystems is crucial. Especially, their …

Seagrasses and macroalgae (seaweeds) are important primary producers and habitats in
estuarine and marine intertidal and shallow benthic areas. Unlike terrestrial plants, aquatic …