Synthetic genomics is the construction of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells with
synthetic genomes. It involves two basic processes: synthesis of complete genomes or …

Synthetic biology provides a new paradigm for life science research (“build to learn”) and
opens the future journey of biotechnology (“build to use”). Here, we discuss advances of …

Nature uses 64 codons to encode the synthesis of proteins from the genome, and chooses 1
sense codon—out of up to 6 synonyms—to encode each amino acid. Synonymous codon …

We describe complete design of a synthetic eukaryotic genome, Sc2. 0, a highly modified
Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome reduced in size by nearly 8%, with 1.1 megabases of …

INTRODUCTION Design and construction of an extensively modified yeast genome is a
direct means to interrogate the integrity, comprehensiveness, and accuracy of the …

INTRODUCTION Although much effort has been devoted to studying yeast in the past few
decades, our understanding of this model organism is still limited. Rapidly developing DNA …

The Sc2. 0 project is building a eukaryotic synthetic genome from scratch. A major milestone
has been achieved with all individual Sc2. 0 chromosomes assembled. Here, we describe …

DNA digital storage provides an alternative for information storage with high density and
long-term stability. Here, we report the de novo design and synthesis of an artificial …

The de novo synthesis of genomes has made unprecedented progress and achieved
milestones, particularly in bacteria and yeast. However, the process of synthesizing a …

Compatibility between host cells and heterologous pathways is a challenge for constructing
organisms with high productivity or gain of function. Designer yeast cells incorporating the …