Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent
stem cells (iPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities for cell therapies against intractable …

The glymphatic system is a fluid-transport system that accesses all regions of the brain. It
facilitates the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid and clears waste from the …

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading vector for gene therapy in the
retina. As non-pathogenic, non-integrating, replication deficient vector, the recombinant virus …

Classically, the CNS is described as displaying immune privilege, as it shows attenuated
responses to challenge by alloantigen. However, the CNS does show local inflammation in …

Intestinal microbiota is an element of the bacterial ecosystem in all mammalian organisms.
These microorganisms play a very important part in the development, functioning, and …

Choroidal neovascularization induced by age-related macular degeneration and retinal
neovascularization induced by diabetic retinopathy—two leading causes of blindness—are …

Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) have become popular for gene therapy, given their
many advantages, including their reduced inflammatory profile compared with that of other …

Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare cancer of the eye, is distinct from cutaneous melanoma by its
etiology, the mutation frequency and profile, and its clinical behavior including resistance to …

Corneal blindness is one of the most common causes of vision loss worldwide, affecting
millions of people. To treat these patients, researchers have been examining different …

Corneal transplantation is the most successful solid organ transplantation performed in
humans. The extraordinary success of orthotopic corneal allografts, in both humans and …