Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO2 is causing
ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These …

We are beginning to understand how the larvae of molluscs and echinoderms with complex
life cycles will be affected by climate change. Early experiments using short-term exposures …

Over the past decades, three major challenges to marine life have emerged as a
consequence of anthropogenic emissions: ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss …

At the current rate of climate change, it is unlikely that multicellular organisms will be able to
adapt to changing environmental conditions through genetic recombination and natural …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate
into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (− 0.3/− 0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in …

There is increasing concern about the impacts of microplastics (< 1 mm) on marine biota.
Microplastics may be mistaken for food items and ingested by a wide variety of organisms …

Global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease
in pH and become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine …

Anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, causing a
progressive increase in ocean inorganic carbon concentrations and resulting in decreased …

Benthic marine invertebrates live in a multistressor world where stressor levels are, and will
continue to be, exacerbated by global warming and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide …