Abstract Background Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are an increasingly popular approach
for identifying confounding variables that require conditioning when estimating causal …

Scientific research can be categorized into: a) descriptive research, with the main goal to
summarize characteristics of a group (or person); b) predictive research, with the main goal …

The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is a widely used technique for examining reciprocal
causal effects using longitudinal data. Critics of the CLPM have noted that by failing to …

How to model cross-lagged relations in panel data continues to be a source of disagreement
in psychological research. While the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) was the modeling …

Causal inference is a central goal of research. However, most psychologists refrain from
explicitly addressing causal research questions and avoid drawing causal inference on the …

Background In longitudinal data, it is common to create 'change scores' by subtracting
measurements taken at baseline from those taken at follow-up, and then to analyse the …

Population health researchers from different fields often address similar substantive
questions but rely on different study designs, reflecting their home disciplines. This is …

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a pretend play‐based training
designed to promote the development of socio‐emotional competences. 79 children aged 5 …

Methods to increase Campbell's (1957) internal and external validity as well as Cook and
Campbell's (1979) construct and conclusion validity are reviewed. For internal validity or …

Objective: Characterize the early trajectories of financial functioning in adults with history of
childhood ADHD and use these trajectories to project earnings and savings over the lifetime …