Amino acids are the building blocks of protein synthesis. They are structural elements and
energy sources of cells necessary for normal cell growth, differentiation and function. Amino …

Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease,
the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For …

The growing field of immunometabolism has taught us how metabolic cellular reactions and
processes not only provide a means to generate ATP and biosynthetic precursors, but are …

Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …

Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but
must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of …

Metabolism drives function, on both an organismal and a cellular level. In T cell biology,
metabolic remodeling is intrinsically linked to cellular development, activation, function …

Immunometabolism has emerged as a major mechanism central to adaptive and innate
immune regulation. From early observations that inflammatory cytokines were induced in …

To fulfill bioenergetic demands of activation, T cells perform aerobic glycolysis, a process
common to highly proliferative cells in which glucose is fermented into lactate rather than …

Activated T cells engage aerobic glycolysis and anabolic metabolism for growth,
proliferation, and effector functions. We propose that a glucose-poor tumor …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led …