The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the
incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the …

In the wide field of nutraceuticals, the effects of mushrooms on immunity, cancer and
including autoimmunity have been proposed for centuries but in recent years a growing …

Pathologic roles of innate immunity in neurologic disorders are well described, but their
beneficial aspects are less understood. Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor (CLR), is largely …

Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin receptor (CLR) expressed on the surface of various mammalian
myeloid cells. Dectin-1 recognizes β-glucans and elicits antifungal proinflammatory immune …

Abstract β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides in cereal grains, mushrooms,
algae, or microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Immune cells recognize these β …

Dendritic cells (DCs) sense microbes via multiple innate receptors. Signals from different
innate receptors are coordinated and integrated by DCs to generate specific innate and …

Therapeutic advances using targeted biologicals and small‐molecule drugs have achieved
significant success in the treatment of chronic allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) coordinate the innate immune response and have a
significant role in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Accumulating evidence has …

The role of TLR signaling in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) is unclear. This role is especially controversial in models of …

Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide a frontline defence against
respiratory pathogens. Vaccination models that lodge CD8+ Trm populations in the lung …