Abstract The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is
becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity …

Cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly govern cancer
progression and drug response. The efficacy of clinical immunotherapies has fostered an …

Immune cells' metabolism influences their differentiation and function. Given that a complex
interplay of environmental factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can have a …

Simple Summary Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as
alternatives for initial drug screening to increase drug development efficiency. In addition to …

Background Deciphering intra‐and inter‐tumoural heterogeneity is essential for
understanding the biology of gastric cancer (GC) and its metastasis and identifying effective …

Spheroids and organoids are important novel players in medical and life science research.
They are gradually replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Indeed, three-dimensional …

Over the past decade, immunotherapy has become a powerful and evident tool in the fight
against cancers. Notably, the rise of checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies (anti …

The success of checkpoint blockade therapy revolutionized cancer treatment. However, we
need to increase the fraction of responding patients and overcome acquired resistance to …

Cancer immunotherapy has achieved remarkable success over the past decade by
modulating patients' own immune systems and unleashing pre-existing immunity. However …

Over 90% of potential anti-cancer drug candidates results in translational failures in clinical
trials. The main reason for this failure can be attributed to the non-accurate pre-clinical …