Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Background The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular'reactive oxygen species'(ROSs) can exhibit a …

Background and Purpose—Neutrophils have been traditionally recognized as major
mediators of a deleterious inflammatory response in acute ischemic stroke, but their …

The biology of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) in physiological and
pathophysiological processes has been primarily studied in peripherial organs and tissues …

Neuroinflammation is a key component of neurological disorders and is an important
therapeutic target; however, immunotherapies have been largely unsuccessful. In cases …

Microglia/macrophages (MMΦ) are highly plastic phagocytes that can promote both injury
and repair in diseased brain through the distinct function of classically activated and …

Background: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used antidiabetic drugs with proven
efficacy regarding mainly surrogate markers of diabetes management. However, efficacy on …

Central nervous system (CNS) is an immune privileged site, nevertheless inflammation
associates with many CNS diseases. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) are nuclear receptors with
essential roles as transcriptional regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis. PPARγ are …

Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), is a feature of
the aged brain and it is generally accepted that the primary cell source of these cytokines is …