Drawing upon the methods of qualitative source analysis and process tracing, the study
addresses the following research questions: How was the national legislation of …

Although the nature and definition of populism are a source of considerable disagreement,
there seems to be a minimal consensus by now that populism poses a number of threats to …

The Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM) was banned in Finland in 2020 after a court
process lasting more than two and half years. This article details how effective the ban has …

This paper considers how ambiguously anti-democratic political parties can be responded to
in an effort to protect the constitutional system. The first part of the paper presents the idea of …

German lawyer and political scientist Karl Loewenstein is generally regarded as the
originator of the militant democracy paradigm. In a series of articles in the mid and late …

When establishing constitutional rules that regulate political parties, liberal democracies
struggle between civil liberties—thus tolerating anti-democratic parties—and potential …

The literature on how democratic polities deal with right-wing extremism focuses on political
and institutional actors at the expense of societal agency. This article offers a corrective by …

Defending democracy requires undemocratic steps; one of the most radical is the prohibition
of political parties. The functioning of political parties is fundamental to healthy and …

New media such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter introduced the world to a new era of
instant communication. During this era where online interactions can even replace offline …

In liberal democracies, which can be defined as a particular form of representation regime,
the fact that political parties as legitimate channels of this representation can be dissolved …