Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against bacterial and fungal infections, but
their inappropriate activation also contributes to tissue damage during autoimmune and …

Phagocytosis, the regulated uptake of large particles (> 0.5 μm in diameter), is essential for
tissue homeostasis and is also an early, critical component of the innate immune response …

Neutrophils (also named polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMN) are essential components
of the immune system, rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation, providing the first line of …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the
objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf …

Abstract Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1), a small GTPase in the Ras-related protein family,
is an important regulator of basic cellular functions (eg, formation and control of cell …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

Within the paradigm of the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation, the interest in
costimulation has witnessed a remarkable emergence in the past few years with the …

cAMP‐mediated signaling pathways regulate a multitude of important biological processes
under both physiological and pathological conditions, including diabetes, heart failure and …

Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury is essential for the arrest of bleeding; however,
excessive platelet accumulation at regions of atherosclerotic plaque rupture can result in the …