Abstract Cost-of-illness (COI) studies often include the 'indirect'cost of lost production
resulting from disease, disability, and premature death, which is an important component of …

Abstract The enzyme 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in
folate metabolism. The MTHFR gene is located on chromosome 1 (1p36. 3), and two …

This popular clinical reference and text provides a multisystems perspective on childhood
disability and its effects on family life. The volume examines how child, family, ecological …

Objective To describe the age-specific and lifetime incremental societal costs of autism in
the United States. Design Estimates of use and costs of direct medical and nonmedical care …

Orofacial clefts are common birth defects that may impose a large burden on the health,
quality of life, and socioeconomic well‐being of affected individuals and families. They also …

BACKGROUND: Classification and analysis of congenital heart defects (CHD) in etiologic
studies is particularly challenging because of diversity of cardiac phenotypes and underlying …

The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between maternal multivitamin use and
risk for cardiac defects in the offspring, using a population-based approach. The Atlanta Birth …

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common group of serious birth defects.
Although folic acid has been shown to reduce effectively the risk of NTDs and measures …

Medical and technological advances in the care of infants with low birth weight (less than
2,500 grams, or 5 pounds, 8 ounces) and very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams, or 3 …

There are numerous pesticides and toxic chemicals in the environment that have yet to be
evaluated for potential to cause developmental neurotoxicity. Recent legislation and testing …