The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

Light is a potent circadian entraining agent. For many people, daily light exposure is
fundamentally dysregulated with reduced light during the day and increased light into the …

Purpose.: The post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) has been quantified using four
metrics, but the spectral sensitivity of only one is known; here we determine the other three …

Pupil dilation is mediated by a sympathetic output acting in opposition to
parasympathetically mediated pupil constriction. While light stimulates the parasympathetic …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) can respond to light directly
through self-contained photopigment, melanopsin. IpRGCs also receive synaptic inputs from …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by non-motor symptoms including sleep and
circadian disruption. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion …

It is difficult to detect visual function deficits in patients at risk for glaucoma (glaucoma
suspects) and at early disease stages with conventional ophthalmic tests such as perimetry …

The pupil reacts to the amount of light reaching the eye. It reduces its size when the light is
high and dilates at low light levels to allow the entrance of more photons. This behavior is …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the most recently discovered
photoreceptor class in the human retina. This Element integrates new knowledge and …