Estimates of species richness and diversity are central to community and macroecology and
are frequently used in conservation planning. Commonly used diversity metrics account for …

Symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and influence individual plants and populations. Orchids
have life history stages that depend fully or partially on fungi for carbon and other essential …

Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) is a central concept in
population and evolutionary biology, and is also emerging as a major factor influencing …

Estimation of demographic parameters is central to research questions in wildlife
management, conservation, and evolutionary ecology. I review the 7 major classes of mark …

Lady's slipper orchids (Cypripedium spp.) are rare terrestrial plants that grow throughout the
temperate Northern Hemisphere. Like all orchids, they require mycorrhizal fungi for …

Energy production and metabolism are intimately linked to ecological and environmental
constraints across the tree of life. In plants, which depend on sunlight to produce energy, the …

Terrestrial orchid life-cycles are complex and dependent on pollinators and mycorrhizal
associates. Worldwide, orchid populations are declining because of urbanization …

Compared to animals, long‐term, large‐scale demographic studies based on plants are
scarce. A 32‐year plant‐based demographic study of the rare early spider orchid Ophrys …

In woodland herbs, the probability of flowering and costs associated with reproduction may
strongly depend on environmental context (shade vs. light habitats) and on plant size. This …

Some forest plants adapt to shade by mixotrophy, ie, they obtain carbon both from
photosynthesis and from their root mycorrhizal fungi. Fully achlorophyllous species using …