In the shallow water environment, the water surface, and the seafloor act as reflective
boundaries for the sound waves. When a sound wave encounters these boundaries, it …

There are several factors which introduces transmission losses in deep water such as:
surface reflections; surface ducts; bottom bounce; convergence zones; deep sound channel; …

The primary objective of this study is to compare the acoustic channel characteristics
between direct and multipath models in shallow and deep-water environments. Moreover …

This study investigates acoustic propagation and transmission loss in shallow water at an
unexplored site in the northern Arabian Sea near the Pakistan coastline using a normal …

Underwater acoustic communication stands at the forefront of technological advancements,
offering a unique and challenging frontier for researchers and engineers alike. Unlike …