Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that
play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the …

The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant
variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations …

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health …

Viral myocarditis remains a prominent infectious-inflammatory disease for patients
throughout the lifespan. The condition presents several challenges including varied modes …

The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that
are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors …

Viral infection is controlled by host innate immune cells that express specialized receptors
for viral components. Engagement of these pattern recognition receptors triggers a series of …

Activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) by a variety of stresses triggers
phosphorylation of the α-subunit of translation initiation factor eIF2. P-eIF2α inhibits eIF2B …

Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are
increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS …

Highlights•Viruses are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors during infection.•Viruses
must inhibit the innate antiviral immune response for full replication.•Viruses can sequester …

A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition
receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable …