Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and debilitating mental illness that
is the most common mood disorder in the United States. It has been almost 50 years since …

Beside the well-known deficiency in serotonergic neurotransmission as pathophysiological
correlate of major depression (MD), recent evidence points to a pivotal role of increased …

Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormalities in the brain and the immune
system. Chronic stress in animals showed that epigenetic and inflammatory mechanisms …

Stress can have a lasting impact on the structure and function of brain circuitry that results in
long-lasting changes in the behavior of an organism. Synaptic plasticity is the mechanism by …

Depression induces structural and functional synaptic plasticity in brain reward circuits,
although the mechanisms promoting these changes and their relevance to behavioral …

More than 70% of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. At the
adolescent stage the brain has not completed its maturation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the …

Approximately 1.7 million people in the United States annually experience a traumatic brain
injury (TBI). 1 The number of unreported head injuries is much higher. Sports-related head …

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed
pharmacological treatment for depression. Since their introduction many have considered …

Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, a growing body of psychiatric research
has emerged focusing on the role of this system in major psychiatric disorders like …

Migraine is three times more prevalent in people with bipolar disorder or depression. The
relationship between schizophrenia and migraine is less certain although glutamatergic and …