Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process induced under various conditions of
cellular stress, which prevents cell damage and promotes survival in the event of energy or …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the facet joint of the
spine are biomechanically interdependent, typically occur in tandem, and have considerable …

Introducing hydration layers to hydrogel microspheres (HMs) by coating the surface with
liposomes can effectively reduce friction. However, the lubrication can be inactivated when …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disabling joint disease throughout the world and its
therapeutic effect is still not satisfactory in clinic nowadays. Recent studies showed that the …

Over the past two decades, the molecular machinery that underlies autophagic responses
has been characterized with ever increasing precision in multiple model organisms …

Autophagy is a genetically well-controlled cellular process that is tightly controlled by a set of
core genes, including the family of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy is a “double …

Purpose of Review Mitochondria are recognized to be one of the most important organelles
in chondrocytes for their role in triphosphate (ATP) generation through aerobic …

Lysosomes are catabolic organelles that contribute to the degradation of intracellular
constituents through autophagy and of extracellular components through endocytosis …

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are a major cell population of the pannus that invades
cartilage and bone in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). FLS resistance to apoptosis is a major …

The synovial membrane undergoes a variety of structural changes throughout the
pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), including the development of fibrosis. Fibroblast‐like …