Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Emotions are one of the most apparent and important aspects of our lives, yet have
remained one of the most enigmatic to explain scienti cally. On the one hand, nothing seems …

Naturalistic observations show that decisions to avoid or escape predators occur at different
spatiotemporal scales and that they are supported by different computations and neural …

The number of papers about the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has grown from 1 per month in
1987 to a current rate of over 50 per month. This publication stream has implicated the OFC …

The outcome of a decision is often uncertain, and outcomes can vary over repeated
decisions. Whether decision outcomes should substantially affect behaviour and learning …

Each of us has felt afraid, and we can all recognize fear in many animal species. Yet there is
no consensus in the scientific study of fear. Some argue that 'fear'is a psychological …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been associated with the flexible control of behavior
and concepts such as behavioral inhibition, self-control, and emotional regulation. These …