Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play important roles in plant survival and in creating
ecological connections between other species. In addition to providing a variety of valuable …

The idea of eliminating the use of fertilizers which are sometimes environmentally unsafe is
slowly becoming a reality because of the emergence of microorganisms that can serve the …

Plants are subjected to a plethora of environmental cues that cause extreme losses to crop
productivity. Due to fluctuating environmental conditions, plants encounter difficulties in …

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of
diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling …

The genus Azospirillum comprises plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which have
been broadly studied. The benefits to plants by inoculation with Azospirillum have been …

In current plant disease control, the divergence from chemical pesticide use has been fueled
by the public concern about toxicity and environmental impact of these products, the …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants
have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …