The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

Insect guts present distinctive environments for microbial colonization, and bacteria in the
gut potentially provide many beneficial services to their hosts. Insects display a wide range …

Cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. Pyrin, a candidate PRR, can …

NOD1 and NOD2 are related intracellular sensors of bacterial peptidoglycan and belong to
the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune proteins that play fundamental and …

The IMD pathway signaling plays a pivotal role in the Drosophila defense against bacteria.
During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in identifying the …

Inflammation is an innate immune response to infection or tissue damage that is designed to
limit harm to the host, but contributes significantly to ischemic brain injury following stroke …

Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin that activate plant innate immunity by
functioning as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We set out to test the …

Pattern recognition by the innate immune system enables the detection of microorganisms,
but how the level of microbial threat is evaluated—a process that is crucial for eliciting …

The vertebrate protein STING, an intracellular sensor of cyclic dinucleotides, is critical to the
innate immune response and the induction of type I interferon during pathogenic infection …