Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in mediating both physiological
and pathophysiological signal transduction. Enzymes and subcellular compartments that …

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the master oxygen sensor within cells and is central to the
regulation of cell responses to varying oxygen levels. HIF activation during hypoxia ensures …

Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is an important isozyme for
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolism that dictates ferroptosis sensitivity. The role …

Metastases are the leading cause of mortality in patients with cancer. Metastasis formation
requires cancer cells to adapt their cellular phenotype. However, how metabolism supports …

Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients, to establish a
barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products. The archetypal vascular …

Cells sense and respond to hypoxia through the activity of the transcription factor HIF
(hypoxia-inducible factor) and its regulatory hydroxylases, the prolyl hydroxylase domain …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentlessly progressive and fatal
neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor neurons. Despite our increased …

Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and
glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the …

Cellular proliferation depends on refilling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support
biomass production (anaplerosis). The two major anaplerotic pathways in cells are pyruvate …

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease caused by sudden rupture of blood vessels in
the brain or blockage of blood vessels, which has now become one of the main causes of …