Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Randomly barcoded transposon mutant libraries are powerful tools for studying gene
function and organization, assessing gene essentiality and pathways, discovering potential …

Highlights•Actinorhizal plants associate with Frankia to form nitrogen-fixing
nodules.•Rhizobial and actinorhizal nodulation have independent evolutionary …

Ciliated protozoa (ciliates) are unicellular eukaryotes, several of which are important model
organisms for molecular biology research. Analyses of codon usage bias (CUB) of the …

Genetic manipulation of bacteria is a procedure necessary to obtain new strains that express
peculiar and defined genetic determinants or to introduce genetic variants responsible for …

Uptake hydrogenase (Hup) recycles H2 formed by nitrogenase during nitrogen fixation,
thereby preserving energy. Among root nodule bacteria, most rhizobial strains examined are …

Chlorella has great potential as a bio-factory for production of value-added compounds. To
produce the desired chemicals more efficiently in Chlorella, genetic tools for modification of …

Molecular resources and transgenic studies in red algae are lagging behind those for green
algae. The Agrobacterium-mediated gene-transfer method routinely used in plant …

Actinorhizal root nodules result from the interaction between a nitrogen-fixing actinomycete
from the genus Frankia and roots of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs belonging to 25 …

Tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate is the most extended feature in commercial transgenic
events released worldwide and it is an example of the successful use of genetic modification …