Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse
functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases …

Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors—
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive—for patient care …

Patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability either through relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). This study …

Summary The sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signalling pathways have important and
diverse functions. S1P receptors (S1PRs) have been proposed as a therapeutic target for …

Importance Accumulation of disability in multiple sclerosis may occur as relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or steady progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), with PIRA …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that
involves demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although substantial progress has been …

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with new drugs becoming
available in the past years. There is a need for a reference tool compiling current data to aid …

Background An evolving understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
suggests that depleting B cells could be useful for treatment. We studied ocrelizumab, a …

In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing–
remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are …